Little ls models nude8/11/2023 ![]() ![]() However, the hallmark of many respiratory viral infections, including RSV, HMPV, and RV, is the ability for reinfections to occur frequently throughout life ( 19– 21). The strategy employed most often in vaccine development is the induction of robust neutralizing antibody responses. Two notable exceptions are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV, which cause acute respiratory distress and mortality in infected individuals ( 16– 18).ĭespite their profound impact on human health, most common respiratory viruses lack an approved vaccine. In contrast, respiratory infection with HMPV, RV, and CoV are most commonly associated with symptoms of the common cold ( 13– 15). However, infection with emerging pandemic IAV strains, such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain, primarily induces severe disease and mortality in otherwise healthy adults younger than 65 years of age ( 12). Seasonal IAV infections also result in approximately 290,000–650,000 deaths per year, most commonly in either young children or elderly populations ( 9– 11). Seasonal influenza infections, most often of the influenza A virus (IAV) subtype, are responsible for 3–5 million cases of severe infection annually ( 9). Similarly, PIV commonly infects children and is a major cause of croup, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis ( 7, 8). RSV is commonly associated with severe lower respiratory tract symptoms including bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and bronchitis and is a significant cause of hospitalization and mortality in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals ( 2– 6). RSV is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in children under 5 years of age ( 2). Symptoms can range from mild sinusitis or cold-like symptoms to more severe symptoms including bronchitis, pneumonia, and even death. The severity of disease associated with respiratory viral infection varies widely depending on the virus strain as well as the age and immune status of the infected individual. The human respiratory tract can be infected with a variety of pulmonary viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), rhinovirus (RV), coronavirus (CoV), and parainfluenza virus (PIV) ( 1). Given its continuous exposure to the outside environment, the respiratory mucosa is highly susceptible to viral infection. Additionally, we explore how this knowledge could be utilized in the development of future vaccines against respiratory viruses, with a special emphasis on RSV vaccination. ![]() Herein, we review the current literature on CD8 T cell responses induced by respiratory virus infections. Therefore, the combined induction of virus-specific CD8 T cells and antibodies may provide optimal protective immunity. In addition, memory CD8 T cells are capable of providing protection against secondary infections. CD8 T cells are critical for mediating clearance following many acute viral infections in the lung. However, the mucosal antibody response to many respiratory viruses is not long-lasting and declines with age. Nearly all current vaccination strategies are designed to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies, which prevent severe disease following a subsequent infection. ![]() Despite the immense clinical burden, the majority of the most common pulmonary viruses lack long-lasting efficacious vaccines. While some viruses simply cause symptoms of the common cold, many respiratory viruses induce severe bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and even death following infection. Humans are highly susceptible to infection with respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, and parainfluenza virus. 3Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.1Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States. ![]()
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