Papyrus definition geology8/10/2023 ![]() ![]() ![]() The results of these tests have clearly shown a significant improvement in the failure deviator stress and shear strength parameters (c and ) of the studied soil with a percent addition of 10% (the preferred percent). Direct shear, consolidation, and displacement tests were performed on papyrus-reinforced specimens with various fiber contents. The main objective of this research is to focus on the strength behavior of soil reinforced with randomly included papyrus fiber. Hence, in the present investigation, papyrus fiber has been chosen as the reinforcement material, and it was randomly included into the soil at four different percentages of fiber content, i.e., 5, 10, 15, 25% by volume of raw soil. Soil reinforcement by fiber material is considered an effective ground improvement method because of its cost effectiveness, easy adaptability, and reproducibility. Various soil improvement techniques have been used to enhance the engineering properties of soil. 2012.Abstract : Construction of building and other civil engineering structures on weak or soft soil is highly risky because such soil is susceptible to differential settlements, poor shear strength, and high compressibility. “In some cases, a contract might be physically divided between, for instance, Copenhagen and the British Museum, and the fragments are then scanned and put together virtually on the computer,” Dr Ryholt said.īibliographic information: Kim Ryholt. “The Papyrus Carlsberg Collection at the University of Copenhagen contains a large number of contracts, but many are fragmentary, and in order to study the whole material I have had to visit many other collections where there would be a chance to find Tebtunis contracts, including the British Museum, university collections in New Haven, Michigan and Florence, and not least Tebtunis itself where I participate in the modern excavations.” So it has taken Dr Ryholt years to collect and analyze the contracts. The papyrus slave contracts were found in a rubbish dump next to the Tebtunis temple during excavations and were subsequently scattered across Egypt, Europe and the United States. There is no indication that the practice existed in any other period in ancient Egypt probably because the royal family could not, in the long run, afford to yield that many resources to the temples. And for the temples, this was a lucrative practice that gave them extra resources and money.”Īccording to Kim Ryholt, the practice of avoiding forced labor by entering into slave contracts with temples was limited to a 60-year-period – from roughly 190 BC to 130 BC. “Many therefore chose to live as temple slaves because it was the only way of avoiding the harsh and possibly even deadly alternative the temple was simply the lesser of two evils for these people. However, we know from other contemporary records that temple slaves were exempt from forced labor.” This is a clear indication that they belonged to the lower classes which the king could subject to forced labor, for example digging canals, if he so desired. They were presumably children of prostitutes. “I am your servant from this day onwards, and I shall pay 2,5 copper-pieces every month as my slave-fee before Soknebtunis, the great god,” say the papyri from the temple city of Tebtunis, as translated by egyptologist Dr Kim Ryholt of the University of Copenhagen.ĭr Ryholt, who reports the discovery in his article in the forthcoming publication Lotus and Laurel – Studies on Egyptian Language and Religion, said: “90 per cent of the people who entered into these slave contracts were unable to name their fathers, although this was normally required. ![]() 2,200-year-old contract comprised of fragments from Papyrus Carlsberg and British Museum (University of Copenhagen) ![]()
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